Modified True/False
Indicate
whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or
phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
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1.
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Herd
animals are usually concentrated in the forest biome. _________________________
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2.
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The
great northern coniferous forests are part of the tundra biome.
_________________________
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3.
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Light intensity is a major limiting factor of the tundra biome.
_________________________
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4.
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Phytoplankton, which obtain energy by photosynthesis, are usually found concentrated
in the photic zone of the ocean. _________________________
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5.
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A
pioneer community is usually the stable result of succession.
_________________________
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6.
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Optimal factors restrict the numbers of organisms that can exist.
_________________________
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7.
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Age,
physical condition, and stage in its life cycle may all influence an organism's limits of
tolerance. _________________________
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8.
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The
range of factors under which an organism functions and survives is known as a limiting factor.
_________________________
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9.
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The
tundra is a region dominated by deciduous trees. _________________________
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10.
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A
large group of ecosystems characterized by the same type of climax community is called a
taiga. _________________________
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11.
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The
colonization of new sites by communities of organisms is secondary succession.
_________________________
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12.
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A
pioneer community is a stable, mature community that undergoes little or no succession.
_________________________
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13.
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Conditions that restrict the existence, population size, reproductive success, or
distribution of organisms are called ranges of tolerance.
_________________________
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14.
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The
portion of the shoreline that is affected by high and low tides is the aphotic zone.
_________________________
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15.
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The
region of the ocean shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate is the photic zone.
_________________________
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16.
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Succession is the replacement of one community by another as environmental
conditions change. _________________________
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17.
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A
body of water near the coast that is partly surrounded by land and contains both fresh and salt water
is known as the intertidal zone. _________________________
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18.
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Humus is a layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year.
_________________________
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19.
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Microscopic organisms that float in the sunlit regions of the ocean are pioneer
species. _________________________
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20.
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The
tundra is an arid region characterized by little or no plant life.
_________________________
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Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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21.
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An
uncut lawn becomes a meadow and eventually a forest. This process is an example of
_____. a. | aphotic
zones | c. | estuary | b. | primary succession | d. | secondary succession | | | | |
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22.
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A
girl notices that her guppies reproduce most when her fish tank water is slightly alkaline. They stop
reproducing if the water becomes acidic or if the water becomes too alkaline. This is an example of
_____. a. | secondary
succession | c. | communities | b. | zones of tolerance and
intolerance | d. | intertidal
zones | | | | |
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Ling
feeds her guppies one-half teaspoon of fish food every day. The average guppy population in her
aquarium over a four-month period is 38 guppies. She increased the food to one teaspoon per day.
After a four-month period, the average population is 53 guppies.
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23.
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Which
of the following statements is supported by these data? a. | The size of the
aquarium was a limiting factor. | b. | One-half teaspoon of food was a limiting
factor. | c. | As long as Ling keeps adding more food, the guppy population
will continue to grow. | d. | Guppies reproduce rapidly. | | |
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24.
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When
Ling increased the amount of food, what happened to the carrying capacity of the
aquarium? a. | It
increased. | c. | It remained the
same. | b. | It decreased. | d. | It increased and then decreased. | | | | |
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25.
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The
stable ecosystem that develops due to succession _____. a. | is called a
niche | c. | is called a
climax community | b. | is always a forest | d. | never changes | | | | |
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Figure 3-3
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26.
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In
Figure 3-3, where will you be most likely to find the greatest diversity?
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27.
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In
Figure 3-3, which section would have a lack of organisms due to an overabundance of
resources?
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28.
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In
Figure 3-3, which section would account for a lower number of organisms near the bottom of a pond due
to a short supply of oxygen and sunlight?
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29.
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What
type of succession is most likely to happen in Figure 3-4?
Figure 3-4 a. | primary | c. | teriary | b. | secondary | d. | climax | | | | |
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30.
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If
you released a new species of deer into each of the stages shown in Figure 3-5, in which stage would
the species be most successful?
Figure
3-5
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Figure 3-6
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31.
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Look
at the graph in Figure 3-6. What does this graph tell us about this species of
plant? a. | too much
sunlight can hurt them | c. | heat is damaging
to them | b. | they thrive in a lot of sun | d. | they need plenty of water | | | | |
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32.
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Look
at the graph in Figure 3-6. Approximately how many hours of sunlight should these plants receive each
day in order to make them grow at their optimum level?
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33.
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What
would be the best time of the year to plant the organism described in Figure 3-6? a. | winter | c. | summer | b. | spring | d. | fall | | | | |
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Figure 3-7
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34.
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You
take a sample of species from the area labeled A in Figure 3-7. What would you expect to
find? a. | almost no
life | c. | organisms that
need very little oxygen | b. | great species diversity | d. | one dominant species of fish | | | | |
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35.
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What
type of species would be most likely found in the area labeled D in Figure 3-7? a. | one that
requires plenty of oxygen | b. | plants that require light | c. | amphibians that
need a warm habitat | d. | decomposers that feed on dead
organisms | | |
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Completion
Complete each sentence or
statement.
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36.
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The
concentration of dissolved salt in estuary water would be between the concentration of salt in river
water and ____________________ water.
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37.
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Water
temperature and light are two ____________________ factors that affect the tolerance range of
organisms in a lake.
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38.
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____________________ are characterized by complex food webs, many different species of
organisms, and little or no succession.
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39.
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The
first organisms to appear in an area undergoing succession are known as
____________________.
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Short Answer
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40.
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List
the three terrestrial biomes that make up the United States and discuss the factors that determine
their distribution.
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41.
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Under
what environmental conditions do the largest number of individuals in a population occur? Relate your
answer to limiting factors and range of tolerance.
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Figure 3-1
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42.
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In
which region of Figure 3-1 are most of the producers in this marine biome found?
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43.
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Using
Figure 3-1, why are few producers found in the intertidal zone?
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Figure 3-2
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44.
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What
type of succession is illustrated in the ponds in Figure 3-2? How do you know?
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45.
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What
changes are illustrated in figure d of Figure 3-2?
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46.
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What
might account for the differences in pond a and pond b of Figure 3-2?
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47.
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How
is the pond in figure b different from the original pond shown in figure a of Figure
3-2?
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Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plants. In the rain forest, they sprout from
seeds or spores carried by the wind or animals and take root on the trunks and branches of the canopy
trees. Epiphytes are not parasitic: they gain nothing from the trees except support and access to
sunlight. However, under favorable conditions, they may form dense, water-logged, tangled mats of
roots and stems, weighing up to several thousand kilograms. This weight is often enough to break the
limbs of the more fragile trees. Some tree species have developed adaptations to protect against the
growth of epiphytes. Two known mechanisms are (1) the frequent shedding of bark layers that
periodically removes young epiphytes, and (2) the presence of certain plant-manufactured chemicals
that inhibit the growth of other plants.
In his
explorations of the Costa Rican rain forest, Donald Perry developed an apparatus consisting of a
platform base built on one tree and connected to two other trees by means of ropes. From this base, a
system of ropes and pulleys attached to a harness would allow an investigator to access previously
unexplored areas of the canopy and to move relatively unrestricted with minimal contact or
interference with rain forest organisms.
During his
studies, Perry noticed that some trees were completely free of epiphytes, although the species were
known not to shed bark or to manufacture plant-inhibiting chemicals. Other scientists had speculated
that the Azteca ants, which live mutualistically with certain species of rain forest trees,
were responsible. These aggressive ants were known to swarm and attack other insects and mammals that
might damage their trees. To test the effect of epiphytes on these trees, Perry tied some moss and
other small epiphytes to the limbs of one such tree. Perry found that the ants did destroy
epiphytes.
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48.
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What
observation(s) would help support Perry's hypothesis that ants prevent the growth of
epiphytes?
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49.
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How
might Perry's invention help scientists discover new species?
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